Chapter 1 of 24 · Khrimian Hayrik, 1894Գլուխ 1 / 24 · Խրիմեան Հայրիկ, 1894

The LandԱ

The English translation on its own.Read in Armenian — Khrimian's original text.The two languages paragraph by paragraph.

Dear Tornik, you can see it for yourself. Your Papik has grown old, I am past seventy, and you are the only heir left to our family house. I had one son only, my firstborn, Toros, a son like no other, brave and hard-working. He kept every wheel of our household turning. When the time came I married him off, and then, God help him, two years, only two years, he stayed beside his beloved young bride. He left and went to Stambul.1 You were born after he was gone. I sent your father a letter to tell him a son had been born to him. They baptized you, and I set down your name, Ruben. Toros your father never saw you born, never saw your swaddling clothes, never kissed your baby cheeks. When you were two or three and your tongue came loose, you called only for mayrik and papik, mama and grandpa. There was no hayrik, no papa, for you to see and know. What a bitter thing that is, when the mothers give birth here and the fathers hear the news far away in Stambul.

There are fathers, sometimes, who stay away abroad for ten, even twenty years, some through misfortune, some from plain lack of conscience, and never see their children's faces. Sometimes the fathers call their sons to Bolis to help them, once they have sunk so deep in the mire of exile2 that they cannot climb out of it. And it often happens that some abandoned, unlucky wife, at her wits' end, sends off to Bolis the one son she has raised, the light of her eyes, and tells him, go and see what has become of your father, he has sent no letter and no money for years now.

But Toros your father was not that kind of man. He always sent letters and money on time, he honored your Papik greatly, and his heart was very tender toward his wife. And you, how he loved you, without once holding you or ever seeing you! He would send you pretty, fine clothes. Your Mayrik would dress you in them and tell you, your hayrik sent these. And you would ask, Mayrik, when is my hayrik coming from Bolis? Poor trusting little boy, you did not know that Toros would never come from Bolis. After a while a letter came from Toros, and in it he wrote, "I have fallen sick. The men of our village have carried me to the hospital." Do you not remember, Tornik, how Papik and your Mayrik wept and mourned over Toros's death? You kept asking, why are you crying, Papik, Mayrik? We would not tell you that we were crying for Toros your father, dead in Bolis.

Do you think, Tornik, that I wept only that day? No. Even now, when I am alone, the mourning and the weeping take me all over again, whenever I remember Toros's death and his memory. You do not know what old things that sweet name brings back into my mind. My great-grandfather used to tell how other Toroses had been born in our house. Every one of them died roaming far from home too, and one was driven off captive when the Persian raid came down on our village.

I will confess it to you, Tornik. That road of exile, I opened it myself, right in front of our poor Toros. He watched me go to Bolis and come back, time after time, and God gave me success, and I would come home with good money earned. But do you know how much hardship, how much bitter sweat it costs our pandukht brothers2 to earn that money? There is one day I will never forget. Eight of us, strong porters, were carrying a huge bale slung on poles up the slope of the New Khan3 in Bolis. The sweat stood out on our foreheads and ran down in streams, pouring over our faces and soaking our bared chests. We saw Hayrik4 coming toward us. We set the bale down and stopped. Hayrik greeted us and asked how we were doing. I was the bold one of our company, and I said, Hayrik, this is how we are doing. We groan, crushed under our loads, and we pour out our bitter sweat on these paving stones. I looked, and Hayrik's eyes had filled. I said to myself, to our condition, and to the sweat on our foreheads, Hayrik answers with the tears in his eyes. Yes, Hayrik gave us one short answer. My poor sons, he said, you will carry that load until you learn to read and write, until you know what your village and your soil are worth. If you poured out that much sweat working back home, you would never see the face of exile. That was all Hayrik said. He wiped his eyes and walked on. And since I could read a little, that evening I made my companions understand properly what Hayrik had meant.

This is true, Tornik, and I learned it for myself. If we work our own lands with all our heart and soul, we will live, and we will never see the face of exile. As I said, I went to Bolis and came back several times, and I brought money home in plenty. But you should know this. There was no blessing or increase in the money I earned in Stambul. I would watch it drain away in a year or two, drying up fast like the springs in autumn. What a waste! The young flower of my life was scorched and withered by the hot wind of exile, and I came to my senses too late. The last time I came back from Bolis, I had already made up my mind that the first thing I would do was go on pilgrimage to the church of the Holy Mother of God at the monastery of Archak. I got candles ready, and incense, and oil for the lamp, and I went. I went into the church, bared my head, knelt down before the altar and prayed. My heart broke in me and I wept a long time. I called on the Lady Mother of God and begged her to prosper my work, and before the altar of Christ's cross I vowed that I would never leave the village again, never abandon my house and my home, my fields and my plains.

I came out of the church with a glad heart, and courage came over me. From that moment I believed that the Holy Mother would grant my heart's desire, and that Christ would prosper some work of mine. Right away, with the money I had brought from Bolis, I bought two buffaloes and six oxen, and fitted out a gutan5 with its full set of gear. I took off my fine broadcloth clothes and put on trousers of homespun shal. I lifted the scarlet fez with its big tassel off my head and set on the peasant's plain felt cap, the kolos. I pulled off my creaking city shoes (kongosan), put on charukhs, rawhide sandals, and wound the thongs. I had a ring too. That came off my finger as well, and I laid it in the chest with the fine clothes, saying to myself, let me keep it for my Tornik's wedding day. When all that was done, I hired two or three laborers besides, took up the drover's whip, threw off the European fashion, and went out to the field. I set the gutan going, and the plowing began. From that day to this I have never seen the face of exile.

So, Tornik, I gave myself to farming, body and soul. I plowed, I sowed, and God gave bread in plenty, and I have never gone short of bread. Ours is an old patriarchal house. Guests are never absent from the door, and I am the old patriarch of the house now. When I die, you take my place.

Now, dear Tornik, you are the only heir of our house and hearth, and while I am still alive I mean to give you many good and useful lessons and counsels. Do you know, I learned to read and write well enough, when I was already a grown man, at the monastery of Varag, where I worked a long while as a plowman. Later, when lessons in agriculture were given there, I listened closely, and through the idle winter season I kept working at my learning.

And in summer I learned even more, from practice. Hayrik was not only abbot of the monastery of Varag, tending the school's garden besides. He was even more a laborer of the field, because he knew that the monastery's large household and the pupils of the school all cry bread! bread! That is why he loved working the soil so much. He was always thinking about how to lighten the crushing labor of the old tillage, so that the men could get some rest, and the poor animals too, and how the soil, worked with more care, could be made to yield more. So he would turn it over in his mind and put clever methods and devices to work. His one aim was to carry the art of agriculture at least a little way forward and improve it, so that the monastery and the school could be kept up out of what the farming earned. Apart from its landed estates, the monastery of Varag has no other property bringing in a steady rent.

Here I have to confess something to you, Tornik. As plowman of Varag's fields I learned a great deal from Hayrik's tested methods, and now, like a schoolmaster, I have to hand down to you what I learned, giving it lesson by lesson. Listen carefully to my lessons, because they matter a great deal to us. We are villagers. Our living and our life come from what farming earns and nothing else. And what earnings in this world are more just, more free, more honest than working the soil?

Clever, quick-witted Tornik, now Papik will begin his lessons. No schoolhouse is needed, no desk, no paper, no pen, no ink. Look where I am going to teach! In the house, in the stable, in the field, up on the mountains, at the springheads. At gutan-time I will hold the plow-handle and speak my lessons both at once, and you, from your seat on the yoke, will listen and hearten the team with your voice. Like the furrows opening, I will plow your mind open too. At sowing-time, vash! what a delight! How lovely it is. With one hand the grains of wheat, and with the other I will sow my lessons into your mind. At harvest-time, when the reapers sit down in the cool of the breeze to whet their sickles, I will sit down too, speak your lesson, and whet your blunt mind. And the threshing-floor, what a fine schoolroom that is! While you stand up on the threshing-sledge, I will swing my four-tined fork all around the floor, turning the strewn sheaves with one hand and mixing my lessons in with them. As I winnow I will part the wheat from the straw, and you, pour it in and keep it in the granary of your mind.

Now I will begin to give you the plain and easy lessons of farming, as much as I have heard and as much as I have learned for myself. Clever Tornik, give me your whole attention. Take my lessons in well and gather them up in your mind. The time has come. If your Papik dies, at least my lessons and my counsels will be left to you as an inheritance, and do you know that this inheritance is worth more than anything else? Who knows, one day you too will grow old and become a papik like me, and what you learn from me today you will hand down to your own tornik. But do not decide that Papik's few lessons are enough. You must be resourceful and inventive, and learn new things for yourself by your own work. Time drives men forward always, and you have to go forward too. You should know this. The man who lags behind goes hungry for bread. It is the land that gives us bread and every other good thing. Whoever works the land, that is, whoever labors at plowing and sowing, fills his house with bread and plenty. But the man who lets the gutan's handle drop from his hand and goes strolling about in idleness and emptiness, his house grows empty with want, bread fails in the trough and butter in the crock, and poverty comes down on him like a swift-footed courier, as the Proverb says.6 I will have much more to say about all this. So listen, Tornik, to Papik's lessons and good counsels, because you are going to learn what the land is, and who lives on it, the townsman and the villager. The townsman has his craft, and the villager has his farming. You will learn how these two kinds of people exchange the fruits of their labor with each other. You will learn what state our farming is in today, still stuck in the old ways, and how the old ways can be changed step by step, and the land worked by newer ones, so that our labor gets lighter, the land yields more, and our profit and earnings are doubled. And what the land yields does not benefit us alone. It benefits the state and the whole people, because the question of bread is a great one in this world, since men live by bread.

I. THE LAND

Dear Tornik, I have to begin with Adam, our grandfather. When the Lord God put our guilty forefather Adam out of paradise, He gave him one order, to work the land and keep it, and to get his bread by the sweat of his face and live.7

Take this well to heart, Tornik. This land we live on, this globe of earth, the Lord God has given to man as an inheritance, or say as his capital. And do you know how vast, how unfailing and inexhaustible the natural wealth of this all-abundant, ever-renewing earth is? Listen while I count it out for you. There are seas without shore or limit, and dry lands stretching out beyond measure, where millions of people and many different nations live. There are plains, mountains, valleys, glens, springs and rivers, plants of countless kinds, trees and flowers. There are the fish of the sea, the wild animals of the dry land and the tame ones, the flocks of birds, and much else besides that the Lord God created for man and gave to men, so that men could live on the earth, enjoy those good things, and bless the name of the one who made them and gave them. So men must work the land, because the land is what keeps them alive.

But do you see, Tornik, how men labor on the earth? The villager at his farming wets the furrows of his plowed field with his own sweat. The townsman at his craft pours out the same sweat. Have you seen the sweat the blacksmith sheds, standing half-naked in front of the blazing furnace, beating iron with tremendous force, forging the share for our gutan? The merchant travels over sea and land, goes from country to country, suffers, and sheds the same sweat. Even the men who govern this world sweat to govern it. From the king down to the last clerk they have the same sweat, because the mind that directs and rules has a sweat of its own, and its sleep is broken with wearing cares, while the reaping laborer lays his head on a sheaf of wheat and sleeps sweetly out in the open field, with the soft soil he worked himself for a bed. Still, between one man's sweat and another's, one man's labor and another's, the difference is great. The farmer sheds his sweat in the field under the sun. But oh, how bitter, how hard the work is for those laborers who dig coal five hundred cubits down inside the earth, with no light and no sun, grinding away so that the steamships and the steam-carriages and all the machine-works can run without stopping.

The free laborers of our fields, who walk the meadows, stroll among the flowers of the valleys, and sit down to eat their bread at the head of a cold spring, are a thousand times happier than those men. Thank God, Tornik, that this is your lot, and that your work is sweet and pleasant.

So on this earth men of every rank and degree, some more, some less, are condemned to shed sweat, and the sentence God laid down falls without fail on all mankind. "By the sweat of your face you shall eat your bread."8 So men, under the sun, deep in the earth, on the dry land, on the seas, must each earn by hard labor the daily bread for himself and for his household. This is what wise Solomon means when he says, "All the labor of man is for his mouth."9 The man who lives only on the bread of his own sweat is a just man. The man who does no work and eats the bread of another's sweat, piling wrong on wrong, is an unjust one. And who can measure the many wrongs that are done under the sun on this earth? The wronged make up the greatest part of mankind.

And you should know this, Tornik. The man who knows no letters, who cannot read, who has no learning, who is untaught, who is one of the rough crowd, in one word the ignorant man, his life on this earth is always misery. It is the ignorant man's fate to suffer wrong forever, and ignorance itself is the greatest wrong the ignorant man bears. Though even the learned, educated man sometimes suffers wrongs at the hands of a rich and powerful ignoramus. Do not be surprised at that. There are many contrary and contradictory things in the social life of men, and seeing them we fall into doubt, and sometimes we even raise a complaint against Providence. Why are the good persecuted while the wicked prosper?

David saw this too, and laid it before God. "See, these are the sinners, and they prosper. They hold the greatness of the world."10 But enough of that question, Tornik. We have wandered from our subject. Let us begin our proper lessons.

Notes

  1. Stambul and Bolis are both period Armenian names for Constantinople (Istanbul), where villagers from the Van country went in great numbers to earn money as porters and laborers.
  2. A pandukht is an Armenian migrant who leaves his village to earn his bread far from home. This exile for bread (pandkhtutiun) is one of Khrimian's lifelong themes.
  3. A khan is a merchants' inn and warehouse (caravanserai). Constantinople's great khans employed gangs of porters, very many of them Armenian villagers.
  4. Hayrik, "Little Father," is the name by which Armenians knew the author, Khrimian, himself. The fictional Papik here meets his own author in the street.
  5. The gutan is the great wooden ox-plow of the Armenian highlands, drawn by teams of buffalo and oxen.
  6. Cf. Proverbs 6:11, "poverty will come upon you like a robber."
  7. Genesis 2:15 and 3:19. Khrimian gives the verses here in his own plain Armenian, not in the classical text. He quotes the grabar of Genesis 3:19 later in the chapter.
  8. Genesis 3:19, quoted in grabar.
  9. Ecclesiastes 6:7.
  10. Psalm 73:12.
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Transcribed from the 1894 printing — this chapter at the AUA Digital Library ↗

Ընդօրինակուած 1894-ի տպագրութենէն — այս գլուխը AUA-ի թուային գրադարանին մէջ ↗